Municipal Wastewater Treatment

Adana Wastewater Treatment Plants
The two new plants have been designed to meet the projected needs of Adana to 2025.	Located on opposing sides of the city, the capaicty of Adana West and Adana East is expected to rise to more than 400,000m³ by 2015 and 520,000m³ by 2025.	Built by the ASKY Consortium, the construction phase took three years to complete.
Adana West during construction; associated work included the provision of an enhanced wastewater and storm water collection network.	The treatment approach is conventional - screening, primary settlement, trickling filters and activated sludge.	The anaerobic digesters under construction, with an inset of the finished facility; derived biogas makes a significant contribution to the operating energy requirement.

Bay View Treatment Plant Integrated Improvement Programme,
Work to improve the Bay View plant finished in 2007; the city’s wider initiative is scheduled for completion in 2010.	The Toledo skyline: the $450m Toledo Waterways Initiative is a 15-year scheme to upgrade and improve the city’s ageing facilities.	Building the grit facility in June 2006. Work at the plant has doubled its treatment capacity and made a big improvement to its ability to handle wet-weather flows.
One of the new pump stations required; some of the existing facilities were decommissioned and demolished as part of the project.	The new wet-weather facility at the Bay View plant.

Beixiaohe Wastewater Treatment Plant Improvement Project
Originally built in 1990, the improvement project has more than doubled the Beixiaohe wastewater treatment plant’s capacity.	The Beijing Bird’s Nest Stadium: Beixiaohe wastewater treatment plant supplied treated water for landscaping purposes at the Olympic Park and treated all the wastewater from the Olympic Village during the Games themselves.	The Beixiaohe WwTP was Beijing’s first modern sewage treatment works and has a service population of 400,000.
The plant’s new wastewater reuse system started up three months before the Games’ spectacular opening ceremony.	Smog in Beijing. Global concerns of the city’s environmental problems led Chinese government agencies to pledge that the Beijing Games would be as green as possible.

Biera Dondo
Blocked drainage channels, excreta and waste on the ground - the evidence of poor sanitation. Some 80% of all disease in developing countries arises as a direct result of this.	Children at a Mozambique watering point. The country's Millennium Development goal aims to halve the percentage of people without sustainable access to potable water by 2015.	Armando Emílio Guebuza, President of Mozambique. He has been instrumental in driving water and sanitation issues up the political agenda.
Field work on one of the wastewater management training schemes run by Train-Sea-Coast GPA – a UN inter-agency collaboration.	Water points are an essential lifeline for millions of Africans. By August 2006, a total of 124 of Mozambique's water points had been rehabilitated.	Map of Mozambique. In common with many countries in the region, regular access to good quality drinking water and sanitation has been poor and public health has suffered.
Water purification unit and storage tank. Small transportable systems such as this have proven invaluable in Mozambique.

Bondi Sewage Treatment Plant Reliability Improvement and Modernisation Program, Sydney
Tunnel excavation at the Bondi STP. The main scope of the construction involves excavating a cavern to provide additional space, work within the plant itself and the refurbishment of the digesters in the above ground section of the facility.	The above ground section of the plant, showing the digesters. The Bondi facility is Sydney's third largest coastal treatment works.	The abseiling team inspecting one of the digesters. Each of the plant's four above-ground digesters needs to be emptied and refurbished in turn.
The fence being installed on Hugh Bamford Reserve – around half of the adjacent ground has been adopted as a construction staging area. Once work finishes, an extensive program of rehabilitation will take place and Sydney Water is also to contribute to various long-term improvements to the site.	The installed fence around the staging area was painted and landscaped with native species to reduce its visual impact.	Installing the renovated penstocks; these gates are thought to have been made in England during the early 1950s and shipped to Australia. They are one of several local significant heritage items.
In January 2006, the demountable buildings were removed from Blair Street North Bondi and a new staff car parking area constructed.	One of the ocean outfall pump valves. Removing, refurbishing and reinstalling each of these in turn was one of the most challenging aspects of the project.

Brightwater Project,
A series of impressions of the new plant; finished facility model (centre); artist's impression of the new public open space areas (top left); example of onsite building design (top right); artist's impression of the new wetland habitats (bottom left); the planned education building (bottom right).	Schematic of the new conveyance system which, together with a new marine outfall and the plant itself, completes the project's programme of works.	Project schematic. Wastewater treatment capacity has been identified as one of the key factors in the region's future economic development.
Map of King County service area. The population of the Puget Sound region has more than doubled since 1960.	Annotated composite aerial view of the plant. Construction work on the 114-acre site, which began in November 2005, continues on schedule for its planned entry into service in 2010/11.	Main picture, a typical section through the new outfall; a tug pulls outfall sections into place (top left); a section of the diffuser (top right); near-shore trench sheeting (bottom left); graphic of barge-mounted cranes lowering outfall segment (bottom right).
The outfall will originate at Point Wells (Portal 19) and extend offshore for approximately 5,200ft. The diffuser section will be 500ft long and will installed at a depth of 600ft.

Canal Road Wastewater Treatment Plant,
Aerial view of the Canal Road Waste Water Treatment Plant.	The plant's new photovoltaic system comprises over 2,800 panels.	The filter building at the plant. In addition, there are two pumping stations, a main control room, site laboratory and offices.
Satellite view of Hurricane Floyd on the night of 15 September 1999. The following night its flood waters struck the Canal Road plant, causing considerable damage.	Control equipment for the newly installed PV system.	A typical, large, ground mounted array. The design encourages air flow beneath the panels, leading to cooler operating temperatures and enhanced electrical generation.
A single ASE 300 W Module from RWE Schott. The plant's new installation is one of the largest in the US and is expected to provide 15% of its peak energy requirement.

Carnation Wastewater Treatment Plant,
Plan of the new facility. 2 Airvac Pumping Station 3 Head Works 4 Aeration Basins 5 MBR 6 UV Disinfection 7 Standpipe storage (treated water) 8 Effluent pipeline 11 Operations Building/lab 12 Odour control 13 Backup generator 14 Solids handling 15 St	Susanna M Leung of Carollo Engineers accepts the WateReuse Small Project of the Year Award on behalf of the Carnation Wastewater Treatment Facility.	One of GE's ZeeWeed MBR modules: this technology was principally chosen for the new plant as a result of its high-quality effluent and proven operational reliability.
The plant opened – with a ribbon-cutting ceremony and a blessing from the Snoqualmie Tribe – in June 2008.	Conceptual wetland discharge design: the treated water is discharged to the Chinook Bend wetlands along the Snoqualmie River to enhance the local hydrology and water quality.	In 2006, Bill Paulsen, Carnation’s Mayor, and Ron Sims, the King County executive, joined members of the local community for the formal groundbreaking of this small but regionally significant $23m plant.

Chembarambakkam Water Treatment Plant
The new plant brings Chennai’s total water treatment capacity to 1.28 million cubic meters per day.	The port of Chennai; the city is the capital of Tamil Nadu state, India's fourth biggest city and the country’s third largest commercial / industrial centre.	One of the plant's thickeners. The plant was designed to provide a highly efficient treatment, with minimal water losses and optimal land usage.
Tamil Nadu's Chief Minister, Dr. Kalaignar M Karunanidhi (centre) and other dignitaries at the new plant's formal inauguration on 19 July 2007.	The new plant under construction. It is designed to meet the needs of around four million people out of the city’s estimated population of seven million.	The new plant is one of a number or initiatives over recent years to ease the city's chronic water shortage.
The streets of Chennai. Water drawn from the Chembarambakkam Lake forms the raw water feed for the new plant, but the essential irrigation supply is not affected.	The new plant under construction; the facility was designed and built in 24 months.

Chongqing Wastewater Project, Three Gorges Dam
Chongqing City from the Yangtze River.	The heavily industrialised city of Chongqing.	Markers show the intended reservoir water levels - an interim 135m (June 2003) and the final 175m (by 2009).
Construction begins on the wastewater treatment plant in Wushan (May 2003). A total of 170 WWTPs are scheduled to be built under the combined initiatives.	The Three Gorges Dam – the world’s largest hydro-electric project – and the Yangtze River seen from the Proba satellite.	Construction work progressing on the banks of theYangtze; the complete wastewater project is not expected to be finished before 2010.
Badong Environmental Protection Bureau’s sign prohibits dumping to safeguard the quality of the water; waste has been implicated in earlier incidents of major water pollution which left around a quarter of the area’s rivers useless as water resources.	Construction at the dam; work was finally completed in May 2006, ahead of schedule and on budget.	Wu river – a Yangtze tributary; the water quality in many tributaries has deteriorated so greatly that they are now officially rated as unfit for any economic purpose, including irrigation.
More construction work along the banks of the Yangtze. The Chongqing urban environment project has other components in the adjacent urban centres of Wanxian and Fuling, together with pilot schemes in Qianjiang.

Clear Creek WWTP Rehabilitation and Expansion Project, Redding, California
Composite aerial view of phase 1. This stage of the project principally involves work on the chemical facility, together with the construction of a new odour control biofilter and a toxic gas scrubber.	The existing plant has served the City of Redding in its present form since 1979. The current project is the second rehabilitation of the works and will provide a modern wastewater treatment facility designed to meet the city’s needs up to 2025.	The ferric chloride tank during construction – part of the opening stages of phase 1, which is scheduled for completion in October 2007.
Simplified map showing the location and service area of the plant.	The new eight-inch water pipe being installed. Phase 2 will also see the installation of a tie-in to the city’s potable water supply and a new outfall is scheduled for construction as part of phase 4.	The chemical resistant coating applied to the ferric chloride foundation within the new chemical facility.

Cordova Wastewater Treatment Plant, AK
Due to bedrock underlying soils, there is a problem of surface runoff in Cordova. The city's collection system is often infiltrated with seawater, because it is placed in a set of tidal flats called Orca Inlet.	The Cordova wastewater treatment plant is located in Cordova, Alaska, on the eastern shore of Prince William Sound.

Croton Water Filtration Plant,
New York's Croton water system is the oldest to supply the city and today accounts for around 10% of the drinking supply.	A stream in the Croton Watershed; stormwater run-off makes the likelihood of contamination high and there have been a number of pollution incidents historically.	Image of the waterborne parasite Giardia from a scanning electron microscope; changes to Federal law regarding water quality and public health have driven the construction of the new Croton water filtration plant.
New York and the Hudson River from space. New York receives water from two geographically discrete sources – the Catskill / Delaware watershed, to the west of the Hudson river and the Croton to the east.	New Croton Reservoir – one of 12 reservoirs and three controlled lakes in the watershed, responsible for supplying around one million New Yorkers – mostly in the Bronx and parts of Manhattan.	The parks of New York; the location of Van Cortlandt Park, underneath which the new filtration plant is to be built, is shown at '2'.

Dawson Wastewater Treatment Project
Dawson City is under court order to build a secondary treatment facility by the end of 2011.	The proposed plant will be designed and constructed by Corix Water Systems at an estimated cost of C$25m.	The Dawson wastewater treatment project is an initiative of the Yukon government.

Detroit Wastewater Treatment Plant,
Detroit's wastewater collection system and main treatment plant serve more than three million people in 78 communities.	Aerial photograph showing Detroit and Detroit River. Many of the developments at the plant over the years have been designed to safeguard this waterway.	Construction of the Detroit wastewater treatment plant.
All of the 25 existing secondary clarifiers will be improved as part of the ongoing programme, principally by the replacement of a number of their key components and ancillary equipment.	In addition to the major infrastructure elements of the project, a scheme is underway to compile and update the plant's "as-built" drawings and to create them where none currently exist. A network database is also being developed to store them.	The second phase of the plant's extensive instrumentation and computer upgrade is underway, covering equipment used for data acquisition and control of the DWSD systems. In addition, new control rooms are being built for the oxygen plants and sludge dewatering complex.
The current phase of the project includes a major programme of works on the primary treatment facilities including replacing the troughs and weirs at the rectangular clarifiers.

Ebmud Water Treatment Project, San Franciso
Lafayette reservoir; the associated WTP is due to be expanded – along with EBMUD’s five others – to meet future water demand.	The project is set to meet forecasted demand increases.	The entrance to Orinda WTP; this plant is the largest of the six, with a daily capacity of 755,000 cubic meters.
The entrance to Lafayette WTP; one of the options considered – and rejected – would have seen this plant decommissioned.

Evansville Westside Wastewater Treatment Plant
The BAF project is part of Evansville's commitment to flood prevention and improving sewage facilities.	The BAF system is the first of its kind in the state.	During peak storm events the plant's capacity rises to 40MGD.
An increase in population and the need for treatment of wet weather flows made it necessary to raise Westside's design flow by 10MGD.	BAF technology is composed of a submerged floating material such as polystyrene beads, which allows bacteria to grow.	Influent wastewater flows to the plant by gravity through 66in-diameter sewer system.
BAF does not require a return sludge system or additional settling tanks.

F. Wayne Hill Water Resources Center Extension,
Magnetic flow meters monitor the influent, which arrives at the site's three large force-mains from a number of locations across the county.	The plant has four peripheral feed / peripheral take-off secondary clarifiers, which return excess RAS to the bioreactor.	Two egg-shaped, 3,800m³ anaerobic digesters treat the sludge.
Surplus sludge is thickened by centrifuge before being digested; final disposal is to landfill.	The plant's preliminary odour treatment, part of the $13m odour control package of packed-tower wet scrubber systems and biogas-fuelled regenerative thermal oxidizers.	Phase II used 3D design software to provide the 3,000 drawings required, ultimately winning the 2005 Bentley Empowered Award for Plant 3D Modelling.
Fine bubble diffusers in one of the plant's four activated sludge bioreactors. Adjusting the relative aeration within the vessel aids denitrification and optimises process control.	The ZeeWeed on-site pilot plant where the membrane trials took place. The Phase II tertiary treatment system will treat 152,000m³ of effluent per day.	On-site tanks. All plant structures have been deliberately planned to minimize their visibility from both local homes and highways; the facility itself is located in the middle of a wooded, 700-acre site.

Fallujah Sewerage System
Formwork holds the clarifier tanks in place before concrete is placed over the rebar at the Fallujah WTP.	Only around 6% of Iraq's 27.5 million population are served by WTPs.	Iraqi workers placing concrete for the clarifier tank at the WTP.
The project will provide up to 700 jobs.	The WTP project forms part of Iraq's extensive reconstruction programme.	The scheme will provide Fallujah with its first-ever wastewater treatment plant and collection system.
Discharged wastewater into the Euphrates has caused prolems of contamination.	Some of the 450 Iraqis currently working on the project.	Aerial shot of the plant
The plant from the air.

Gippsland Water Factory, Victoria
Satellite image of the Gippsland Lakes: The project will help to protect the region’s waterways and resources.	Diagram of the Memcor CMF-S system. Micro-filtration provides water of a consistently high quality.	The Gippsland Water Factory's 12 cells, each containing 216 membrane modules.
Membrane filtration combines with activated sludge treatment to meet required water re-use standards.	The system will be able to treat 35 million litres daily.

Glenmore & Bearspaw
The Bearspaw pre-treatment facility. Aerial view during construction (left) and ground view near completion (right).	Work underway on the Glenmore sodium hypochlorite facility. It is expected to be commissioned in 2008.	Construction work at the Bearspaw pre-treatment facility, designed to overcome turbidity problems.
Preatreatment facility construction. The VC-10 pipe installation, May 2006 (left) and the building itself during construction.	Work in progress on the new building; inside (left) and the south-east elevation in May 2006 (right).	Glenmore WTP sodium hypochlorite facility (left) and the Bearspaw pre-treatment facility (right). The upgraded plants will meet regulatory and supply needs until 2025 and beyond.
Aerial views of the work in progress (March 2007)

Halong City Sanitation Project
Grants have been made to 11,000 households not connected to the main sewer system to install septic tanks.	Installation of the Halong City section of the Three Cities project took 20 months.	The system should stop the transmission of waterborne disease.
The activated sludge system for treatment of waste.	The project involved the installation of over 80km of new sewer pipes.

Holkham
Looking across the secondary cell towards the primary. The secondary cell, is entirely aerobic to aid BOD reduction, residual solids removal and nitrification.	Schematic of the aeration process. The aerators / processors are wind-powered, contributing to a significant reduction energy costs.	A Mark 3 aerator / processor unit out of the water. At Holkham there are two, each equipped with a backup motor.
Holkham is one of the major tourist destinations on the North Norfolk coast and bathing water quality is monitored at the nearby Wells beach.	The Aero-Fac facility at LaPine, Oregon. The aerated facultative system was first developed during the 1970s in the United States.	A recent delegation from Severn Trent with John Gillett (centre), MD of LAS International (Europe).
One of the winches used to position the aerator / processors.	Plan layout of the Holkham cells.

Hyperion Treatment Plant Sludge-Out
The Hyperion wastewater treatment plant.	A view of the site during the secondary treatment expansion of the Hyperion WWTP.	The plant's co-generation system. Rational energy usage has been a central part of the plant's operating policy from the start and energy recovery is an important aspect of this approach.
Schematic diagram of the plant's primary treatment regime.	Schematic diagram of the secondary treatment regime.	An aerial view of the Hyperion plant as it is today.
The plant's aeration basins and clarifiers. Retrofitting the basins with a more efficient air diffusion system has significantly increased the secondary treatment capacity.

International Wastewater Treatment Plant, Tijuana
Solids processing odour reduction stations at the new Tijuana water treatment plant.	Water tanks at the Tijuana plant.	Influent pumps.

Jimmy Smith Wastewater Treatment Plant,
Formerly known as the Town of Boone facility, the Jimmy Smith Wastewater Treatment Plant won the 1999 Engineering Excellence Grand Award from the American Council of Engineering Companies of North Carolina.	An aerial view of the plant. The wastewater treatment regime at the plant involves oxidation ditches, circular clarifiers, deep-bed tertiary sand filtration and ultra-violet disinfection.	Sludge scraping on the 28m clarifiers. The plant has two of these, which receive the effluent from the new oxidation ditches.
Boone's sludge disposal has been revolutionized. A combination of dewatering by polymer and belt press methods, together with the new Atlas Stord Class A thermal drier (the first such municipal unit in the state) yields a 90% dry biosolid ideal for fertilizer use.	The belt press after installation; the sludge stream passes through the belt press at 16% solids.	Finished biosolids storage; over half of the material produced has been distributed to the public. Class A sludge is approved for land use 3m to 9m away from a stream.
Cascade aeration; the treated effluent is discharged into the South Fork of New River. The plant upgrade was driven by increased environmental standards when this waterway was designated an Outstanding Resource.	Although the plant has a capacity of 18,250m³/day, it is currently running at approximately half capacity. A 2003 Watauga County report concluded that the Boone system offered the greatest potential for water and sewer partnerships.

Kyabram / Shepparton Water Improvement Scheme,
Map of Victoria and south east Australia. Shepparton lies to the north, in a region where the predominant industries are fruit, vegetable, beef and dairy processing. These particular demands have had a significant influence on the improvement scheme.	Australian streams and rivers are very sensitive to environmental impacts; new guidelines recommend avoiding discharges to waterways wherever possible, driving a programme of upgrades at wastewater treatment plants.	Location map of the Goulburn Valley Water catchment area, highlighting the western zone of GBW's Central District, where these works took place.
Work started on the Shepparton High Rate Anaerobic Lagoon (HRAL) in November 2002.	Aerial photograph of the HRAL in construction. The construction of this 200,000m³ lagoon, with its 5ha footprint, is the largest project ever undertaken by GVW and attracted funding from the Australian Government and local industry.	Once completed, the HRAL will allow the effluents from local food processing industries to be treated in an affordable and environmentally sustainable way. The water reclaimed will be used to irrigate 230ha of pasture during the summer.

Lake Erie Continuous Microfiltration Plant,
US Filter's Continuous Microfiltration Plant at Lake Erie, Canada.	The microfiltration system provides six million gallons of water to 10,000 residents of the Ontario region.	The CMF technology incorporates a air / liquid backwash to remove inorganic or organic contaminants greater than 0.2 microns and prevents them from entering the hollow fibre membranes that form the CMF barrier.
Back of the microfiltration plant at Lake Erie.

Millbrook Wastewater Treatment and Recycling
The £20 million Sludge Treatment Centre (STC) is an integral part of Southern Water's strategy to deliver even cleaner seas to the Sussex coast.	Wastewater treatment at Millbrook consists of largely traditional elements; the sludge digesters form the background, with final settlement tanks to the fore.	Aeration lanes provide biological treatment at the plant.
One of the six primary tanks, which between them remove around 65% of the influent solids.	Two of the plant's three mesophilic sequential batch reactors (SBRs).	The gas recycling system; biogas produced during digestion is reused onsite to heat the digesters themselves to their 35°C operational temperature and to fuel the drier.
After separation by centrifuge, the sludge cake is dried at around 90°C in a thermal drier.	The plant uses state-of-the-art odour control systems; smells from the sludge treatment are collected and chemically treated before release.	The dried fertiliser product is bagged and distributed for beneficial agricultural / land applications under the name "Bestway".
The purposely created conservation area at Millbrook has proven to be a very valuable habitat for wildlife.

Moray Coast Wastewater,
Lossiemouth wastewater treatment works is the central sludge treatment and disposal facility for the entire project.	Since no screening takes place within the pumping stations, the above ground structures could be kept to a minimum size. Pumping take places below ground in an attempt to minimise odour nuisance.	Early 2004 saw extensive work in Whitehills to upgrade and improve the area's storm water arrangements.
Sequential Batch Reactors (SBR) perform biological treatment at each of the three new works.	One of ITT Flygt's N-pumps undergoing factory testing. The Oakenhead Wood plant has a total of 13 N-pumps of various sizes; the Buckie and Macduff facilities have a further 11 between them.	A total of 14 short sea outfalls were replaced or extended. Completing all the necessary work required along the Firth in a single project meant that the smaller coastal communities had full treatment facilities two years ahead of the EU Directive timeframe.
Odour control was of particular importance to the project. H2S levels in the vent stack are constantly monitored and the dosing within the chemical scrubber automatically adjusted.	The Moray Firth supports a wide diversity of marine life. Effluent is therefore constantly sampled and analysed. Discharge standards have been met without exception.	After thermal treatment, the sludge forms a Class A fertiliser pellets with a TDS of around 92%. It is stored for up to six months before being distributed in bulk for agricultural use.

Muscat Wastewater Project
Muscat is the capital of the Sultanate of Oman and with an ever-growing population and becoming increasingly popular as a tourist venue the need for a wastewater management system became urgent.	Work in progress to upgrade and rehabilitate the Darsait WWTP – part of Phase 1 of the Muscat Wastewater Project.	Some of the new equipment at the Darsait WWTP. The upgrade took just under 18 months to complete and involved 108 engineers, technicians and other staff.
Satellite image of a dust storm blowing from Oman out over the Arabian Sea. Water is a scarce resource and of the country's total area of 212,460km², only around 750km² is irrigated; arable land and permanent crops account for only 0.26% of the overall land usage.	An oasis in Oman’s desert. The scheme will ultimately cover an area of 3,670km² and supply treated water for irrigation – reducing pressure on natural sources in the water-scarce country.

Newtown Creek Water Pollution Control Plant
Work began in August 2003 to expand the Newtown Creek wastewater treatment plant's capacity to 1.8 million cubic metres per day.	Excavation in the North Battery began in late December and continued despite wet spring weather. Concrete placement began shortly after the excavation was completed.	A programme of extensive modifications is underway to the existing plant facilities at Newtown Creek to enable the necessary integration of old and new plant components.
A computer image of part of the completed Newton Creek plant. The expansion involves building a series of new grit, aeration and sedimentation tanks and major remodeling of the existing facilities.	Aerial view of the Newtown Creek plant. Located in the Greenpoint area of Brooklyn, it is the largest wastewater treatment plant in New York.	A design model of the finished Newton Creek plant, as it will appear from the water.

Nogales International Wastewater Treatment Plant Rehabilitation Project, Arizona
Nogales, Arizona, meets Nogales, Sonora at the US / Mexico international border. The Nogales International Wastewater Plant is unique, treating wastewater from both countries – though the cross-border arrangement has proved problematic over the years.	The upgrade of the Nogales International wastewater treatment plant was completed and opened in June 2009.	The population of Nogales, Arizona is around 22,000 while Nogales, Sonora is home to over a third of a million people; the plant was originally designed to deal with a mere 20,000.
A view of one of the existing lagoons. The project replaced secondary treatment with a new Modified Ludzack-Ettinger (MLE) system, the two process basins providing a total anoxic volume of 3,800m³ and a total aerated volume of 24,600m³.	Diagram of the Upper Santa Cruz River. In 2000, the Sierra Club filed a legal action alleging ongoing and continuous violations of Clean Water Act in respect of the plant’s illegal discharges into the river.	View over the treatment lagoons towards the town and the mountains beyond. The long-awaited upgrade of the facility has taken more than ten years of discussion and planning to achieve.

Norman Wastewater Treatment Plant, OK
Placing the first slab in the aeration basin.	The sheeting soil anchors in the aeration basin.	Construction of the influent junction box - on the east side of the now abandoned screw pump station structure.
Looking inside the new influent junction box construction. Ultimately it will open directly into the bar screen channels.	Landscaping work at the plant. The project's environmental impact was an important consideration in gaining EPA grant aid.	Lowering one of the new pumps into place.
A number of bar screens feature in the plant design, chosen for their operational reliability and low loss of head.	Construction in progress at the Westside Lift Station.	The new lift station uses a drywell / wetwell design and is equipped with submersible motors and variable speed drives.
View of the wetwell structure.

North West Bathing Water Improvement
The seaside resorts along the Lancashire coast play a major role in the local economy. Blackpool alone is visited by over 17 million people every year.	In 1999, a major stormwater storage facility was constructed beneath one of Blackpool's car parks, as part of an ongoing regional programme to improve bathing water quality.	Two 36m-diameter, 40m deep tanks were built to reduce the volume of stormwater effluent entering the resort's bathing waters.
Map showing the location and state of Lancashire's bathing beaches.	Graph of the compliance of Lancashire bathing beaches between 1988 and 2001.	In May 2001, European Commissioner Margot Wallström presented a report praising the improvements achieved along the Fylde Coast. The Commission dropped its legal action for non-compliance.
Graph of bathing water compliance in the North West region up to 2003.

Park Wastewater Treatment Works,
The £2m wastewater treatment works project serves a population of 800 people in the Park area.	The Park wastewater treatment works was opened on 24 August 2009.	The newly constructed site has addressed earlier safety issues.
NI Water owns and operates the Park wastewater works.	The Park wastewater treatment works is built with a rotating biological contactor.

Peacehaven Wastewater Treatment Works
The project will treat 95 million litres (ML) of wastewater a day.	Peacehaven Wastewater Treatment Works is an environmental improvement scheme at Lower Hoddern Farm in Peacehaven, East Sussex, UK.	Sludge will be treated to generate agricultural fertiliser.
Southern Water has conducted environmental studies regarding the protection of reptiles, rabbits and foxes in the construction area.	The plant has been designed to blend in with the landscape.

Project Omega Wastewater Treatment
Computer generated view of the front of the new state-of-the-art North Down/Ards WWTP. Once completed, this plant will treat around 20% of Northern Ireland's wastewater.	Work underway on the North Down/Ards plant at Donaghadee. Completion is scheduled for December 2007.	Computer generated view of the new second incinerator, to be constructed at the Duncrue Street site in Belfast. Rated at 24,000t per year, on completion it will provide the disposal solution for 100% of the province's sludge.
Aerial view of the work in progress at the new WWTP.	Looking over Belfast. Rapid development has taken its toll on Northern Ireland's existing wastewater infrastructure. In addition to Project Omega which will construct a second sludge incinerator in the city, a further £90m is also being spent to upgrade the sewerage system.	Computer generated view of the rear of the new North Down/Ards WWTP. The finished facility will be one of the most advanced in the UK.
Work in progress on the Briggs Rock pumping station; as well as constructing this and two other new pumping stations, the project includes upgrading six existing wastewater plants and refurbishing a number of sludge facilities.	Construction underway at the North Down/Ards plant. Work here is set to conclude by the end of 2007, with final completion of the whole project expected in late 2008.

Reading Sewage Treatment Works, Reading
Reading's new sewage treatment works was officially opened in January 2005.	The plant's four egg-shaped anaerobic digesters; the first of their kind in the country, they are of reinforced concrete construction, with external cladding.	Aerial view of the lamella settlement tanks during construction; the plant has six of these, which provide primary settlement.
The Island Road works is the first completely new plant to be built by Thames Water since privatisation in 1989 and is one of the most technically advanced facilities of its kind in the UK.	A flagship facility, the plant has already won awards for its design. Its position on the southern gateway to the city made its architectural appearance of major importance.	The digesters during construction. They were built using a specialist formwork system.
The new plant's inlet works during construction.	The digesters nearing completion.	Trickling filters in construction. After final settlement and tertiary sand filtration the treated flow is discharged into the River Kennet via Fobney Brook.
The plant was designed not only to meet the technical demands of effluent and sludge quality, but also to address a wide spectrum of environmental issues.

Rosedale Wastewater Treatment Plant Upgrade,
Rosedale WWTP provides primary, secondary and advanced treatment of effluent for a population of approximately 185,000.	Ultraviolet lamps in water: Stage 4 of the Rosedale upgrade involves the installation of UV at the plant.	A series of site views. One of the clarifiers (1); DAF tanks (2); Construction of the UV disinfection facility (3) and the fourth clarifier (4) in 2003.
More site views. Inlet screening building (5); sedimentation tank covers (6); sludge centrifuges (7); Lake Rosedale (8), once an oxidation pond and now used for final polishing.	Wedeco TAK UV lamp element, the system which was selected for use at the plant.	Manufacturer's photograph of a TAK installation.
Tunnel and outfall schematic. The timing of the new sea outfall construction, which had originally been scheduled for Stage 6 of the project (to be delivered by 2010), has been brought forward by two years.	The designated route of the new outfall. Scheduled to coincide with its completion, the UV system will be expanded to a six-channel system, containing nearly 1,300 individual lamps, to treat a peak flow of 3m³ to 4m³/s.

Saskatoon Wastewater Treatment Plant, Saskatchewan
Artist’s impression of the WTP once work is completed in 2014.	The existing plant; it has undergone many upgrades and improvements since first coming into service in 1906.	Looking across the South Saskatchewan River towards Saskatoon in winter.
The city includes over 120 hectares of riverbank parklands; flooding in the spring and summer of 2007 led to new initiatives on wastewater.	Aerial view of the plant; the adjacent South Saskatchewan River provides it with a high quality supply.	Saskatoon's population growth from 1901 – 2005; the city was incorporated in 1906, when the population was only 5,000.
Now the largest city in Saskatchewan, Saskatoon's burgeoning population and industrial growth is placing increased demands on services.

Seine Aval WWTP Upgrade,
The upgrade at Seine Aval is a major element in the 15-year scheme to improve wastewater treatment for the whole of the Greater Paris area.	Schematic of the Biostyr process. Central to the plant’s new nitrification/denitrification facility, the light polystyrene bead media – biostyrene – encourages the formation of a surface biofilm with an inner anoxic zone and an outer aerobic zone.	The upgrade programme also includes a major expansion of the existing sludge processing arrangements and the installation of new electrical substations.
Schematic of a Biostyr module: the process combines both total nitrogen removal and clarification in a single stage within the same bioreactor. The system’s counter current backwash also offers energy savings and significantly reduces odour nuisance.	Scheduled to enter service in 2007, the new nitrification/denitrification plant is intended to help with the goal of full nitrogen treatment for all of the region’s wastewater by 2015.	Earlier efforts to reduce pollution into the Seine have already begun to bear fruit. A recent study identified 35 species of fish within the boundaries of the city – compared with 15 only two years previously.

Sharjah Wastewater Treatment Works Extension
The Phase 6 extension was officially opened in June 2004. The scheme has increased the wastewater treatment works' capacity by 37,400m³/day.	In addition to increasing the treatment capacity, the project involved improving final effluent quality and the installation of a new SCADA system to integrate process control.	Four aeration lanes equipped with fine bubble diffused aeration systems form a central part of the scheme.
Two of the four new final settlement tanks; each one is 25m in diameter.	Schematic configuration for the UV treatment equipment.	The Trojan UV 4000 disinfection unit, which can treat up to 72 million litres of water per day.
Artists impression of the UV unit in situ. Its small footprint enabled it to meet the space constraints required for the Sharjah WWTW extension.	A Trojan UV 4000 unit undergoing final manufacturer's testing.

Shatin Sewage Treatment Works Expansion and Upgrade,
The inlet works: the plant design is conventional, with preliminary treatment involving coarse screening and grit removal.	Model of the plant catchment area: Shatin serves Shatin New Town, Ma On Shan New Town and the surrounding villages.	The sludge dewatering plant: dewatered sludge is disposed of in landfill.
The plant’s methane gas tanks: biogas from sludge digestion provides power for the plant and hot water to maintain digester temperature.	The Shatin plant’s primary sedimentation tanks.	A view over the existing plant.

Sorek-Refa’im Sewage Treatment Plant
Jerusalem	Sewage treatment diagram	Sorek is one of the most important drainage systems in the area.

South Leg Sewer Renovation, Skokie, IL
The South Leg Sewer renovation project was instigated in response to recent cave-ins in the 75 year old concrete structure.	Map showing the location of Skokie in Illinois, USA.	Graph showing the supply of water throughout the USA.

Stickney Water Reclamation Plant
Activated sludge.	A BOX test reactor.

Sulaibiya Wastewater Treatment
Some of the plant's membrane elements in situ; Sulaibiya is the largest facility in the world to use reverse osmosis / ultrafiltration membrane-based water purification.	Construction of the plant began in July 2002 and was completed by November 2004. It has an initial capacity of up to 375,000m³/d and is designed to be extendable to 600,000m³/d in the future.	Diagram of the general layout of the Sulaibiya plant.
The reverse osmosis facility - 42 skids, each comprising 72 pressure vessels containing seven membrane modules apiece.	Schematic flow diagram of the major treatment steps at the new plant.	The plant has a total ultrafiltration (UF) membrane area of 304,640m² arranged in 68 skids.
The distributor for one of the stripping towers; the plant has six such de-gassifying towers to remove CO2 from the permeate.	Images from the project; the Sulaibiya plant is the largest of its kind in the world and is expected to reduce Kuwait's use of non-renewable water by more than 80% overall.	Although the product water is destined for non-potable uses, it is treated to potable quality. The UF system achieves total removal of suspended solids and virtually eliminates bacteria and viruses.
Part of the new feed pipeline awaiting installation. The project called for extensive runs of large diameter pipelines to convey raw, finished and brine flows.	The site in September 2003. The design and build phase accounts for 30 months of the 30-year concession.

Tianjin Jie Yuan Water Treatment Plant, Tianjin
Location map of Tianjin; The city is located on northern China’s “Gold Coast” on the Bohai Gulf, some 140km to the southeast of Beijing.	Schematic of a DAF unit. This treatment system was chosen for its ability to deal with the algal loads which periodically affect the source waters.	Pollution of the Luan and Yellow Rivers often leads to excessive algal growth, particularly in the summer.

UZOS South-West Wastewater Treatment Plant,
Construction of the UZOS South-West Wastewater Treatment Plant originally began in 1987 but a lack of finance in the mid 1990s brought work to a halt, with the plant only 40% completed.	Finishing the wastewater treatment plant has been designated the single most important water protection project on the Baltic.	The project calls for some partial demolition work, but much of the existing structure will be incorporated into the final plant.
Two new secondary sedimentation tanks are under construction.	The project also calls for the construction of four new equalizing tanks, a by-pass pipeline and new sludge thickener tanks.	The completed plant will have an average daily capacity of 330,000m³ and treat the wastewater from 720,000 of St. Petersburg's population of 5 million.

Wards Island Water Pollution Control Plant
Ward's Island Water Pollution Control Plant is situated on Ward's Island in the East River of Manhattan, New York City, US.	The plant serves dense populations in the western Bronx and eastern Manhattan regions and has an average dry weather flow capacity of 275MGD.	The plant was fitted with Stable High Ammonia Removal over Nitrite (Sharon) technology for the removal of nitrogen from wastewater.

Water Treatment Plant, Muntinlupa
The water treatment facility is in Muntinlupa, a city 22km south of Metro Manila in the Philippines.	Water for the Muntilupa plant is sourced from Laguna Lake.	An advanced process of microfiltration will be used to produce drinking water for households in Alabang, Bayanan, Poblacion, Putatan, Tunasan and New Alabang

Western Wake Regional Wastewater Project,
The Eno River, Durham. The waterways of North Carolina are an important part of the state’s economy; protecting their long-term quality was one of the main drivers on the project.	Aerial view of the new regional facility site, with the plant details superimposed.	University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. The Research Triangle Park.
Map of recommended regional wastewater facilities.	Site layout. The scheme is to be implemented in two phases and will provide a regional wastewater treatment solution to meet the needs of the area through to 2030.	The State Legislative Building. North Carolina’s requirement that cleaned wastewater be returned to the Cape Fear River basin by 2011 was a significant driver on the regional project.
The growing population and economy of the region has driven a variety of initiatives to ensure the sustainable long-term use of local water resources.

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