Water Supply

Adam Clark Water Treatment Plant, Weijan
Adam Clark Water Treatment Plant.	The 165,000m³/day water treatment plant at Weija.	Ballast Nedam signed a contract for the rehabilitation and expansion of the Adam Clark Water Treatment Plant.
Adam Clark Water Treatment Plant started construction in 1999 and it opened in October 2001.	The contract required the improvement of raw water transmission and an upgrade of the raw water pumping stations.	The construction of a new 1.5km raw water pipeline (diameter 11-14cm) between the pumping station and the treatment plants.

Al Hidd
The desalination plant at Bahrain was part of the Bahraini Governmnet's $360 million project, which involves the construction of a power and desalination facility on the Muharraq Island.

Alvarado Water Treatment Plant,
San Diego's oldest existing water treatment plant, Alvarado, has received a National Historic Award from the American Water Works Association for its contributions to water supply and technological development.	Phase II ended with the formal ribbon cutting to unveil the new basins. San Diego Mayor, Jerry Sanders, and Council member Jim Madaffer joined the City of San Diego Water Department staff at the ceremony.	Aerial view of Lake Murray; completed as part of Phase II, the new flocculation and sedimentation basins were built along the south-eastern shore.
DYK completing the vertical pre-stressing and the exterior finish of the new Earl Thomas Reservoir. The location called for good seismic stability and several features have been incorporated into the design to mitigate the potential effects of tremors.	Aerial view of the site during Phase 1A of the work. The programme of renovation and construction began in 1993 and will be completed in 2010 or later, depending on bond financing and State grants.	The new Earl Thomas reservoir was dedicated in December 2005. The San Diego Mayor, councillors, community members, contractors and city staff attended the event, which also unveiled the new parking lot for Lake Murray visitors.
Aerial view during Phase 1 construction; the Lake Murray raw water pump station underwent a complete re-build.

Ashkelon Desalination Plant
Located on Israel's southern Mediterranean coast, the new Ashkelon SWRO plant will provide around 15% of Israel's domestic needs. It is the first of a number of similar large-scale seawater desalination facilities planned.	Design drawing of the new Ashkelon plant. Producing 100 million m³/yr of desalinated water, it is the largest facility of its kind in the world.	The plant holds 40,000 membrane elements in 32 reverse osmosis (RO) treatment trains over four floors and uses optimised, multi-stage RO and boron removal procedures.
Simplified diagram of the process. Operational reliability and continuity have been heavily prioritised throughout the design.	Artist's impression of the finished plant in situ. It occupies an area of 75,000m² and includes its own gas turbine power station to provide the facility with a dedicated electrical supply.	Israel has a chronic water resource problem - North Africa and the Middle East is the world's most water-scarce region. Israel's Desalination Master Plan - a major initiative to double desalinated water production to 400 million m³/yr - arose in response.
Producing more than 100 million m³ of water/year, the Ashkelon SWRO plant is twice the size of the current next largest facility of its kind.	The plant uses a three-centre design to maximise efficiency, reliability and operational flexibility; the comprehensive mathematical modelling performed on the entire system during the design stage enabled commissioning to be fast and straightforward.	A dedicated gas turbine power station was built adjacent to the desalination plant; an overhead line provides a second supply from the Israeli national grid.
The facility comprises two identical plants, each consisting of a pumping centre which feeds 16 RO banks. The complete installation holds 40,000 membrane elements and uses optimised, multi-stage RO and boron removal procedures.	Ashkelon produces around 13% of Israel's domestic consumer demand – at one of the world's lowest ever prices for desalinated water. It has been suggested that it could be many years before this plant's achievement is matched.

Bakersfield Water Treatment Plant, CA
With groundwater quantity and quality declining, Cal Water turned to the Kern River as an alternative source.	The Bakersfield plant is a state-of-the art facility, combining micro-filtration with other technologies.	Early construction work included excavation for an extensive network of buried piping for pre-treated water, finished water, backwash collection, residual decant recovery and storm water drainage.
Backwash recovery is an integral part of the high efficiency water conservation strategy at the plant. Less than 1% of the raw water drawn is lost.	Photomicrographs of the Pall Aria hollow fibres, showing the polyacrylonitrile (PAN) fibres for ultra-filtration (left) and polyvinylideneflouride (PVDF) for micro-filtration (right).	The 726 vertical membrane modules installed make the Bakersfield plant one of the largest micro-filtration facilities on the West Coast of America. This technology is effective against Cryptosporidium and Giardia.

Bekkelaget
In March 1998, a PURAC Group consortium was awarded a £40 million contract by Oslo City Council to upgrade the existing sewage treatment plant for Oslo, Norway. The new Bekkelaget plant will serve a population of 250,000 and has a design capacity of 250 Mld.	The process is designed to meet the twin challenges of creating flexibility from a compact plant. Treatment begins with adding chemicals before primary clarification, followed by an activated sludge process including nitrification and biological pre-denitrification.

Betty Lake Water Treatment Plant Upgrade
The McNary Dam.	Tower 13	Transmission lines

Carlsbad Desalination Project,
Aerial view of the Carlsbad desalination project in San Diego, California.	Carlsbad from the west – before and after construction.	Site plan of the Carlsbad desalination plant.
Artist's impression of the building that will house the reverse osmosis system, chemical storage and pumps for water treatment.	Poseidon Resources is developing the 50MGD plant.	The pilot plant demonstrating the Carlsbad plant desalination operations.

Cary / Apex
The plant draws its raw water from the B. Everett Jordan Reservoir - more commonly known as Jordan Lake - which lies 10 miles to the west of the town of Cary in the Cape Fear River Basin.	The principal aim of the expansion programme was to increase the plant's original daily treatment capacity from 60,000m³ to the current 150,000m³/d.	Phase 1 of the project increased the original treatment capacity by an initial 30,000m³/d.
Treatment at the Cary / Apex WTP plant makes use of Super-Pulsator Flocculator Clarification technology.	Schematic of the Super-Pulsator Flocculator Clarifiers used at the plant.	Super-Pulsator Flocculator Clarifiers in operation.
Chart showing the share of water consumption in terms of the plant's defined customer group categories.	A comprehensive education programme supports the long-term water conservation plan to cut water consumption by 20% by 2015.

Cholla Water Treatment Plant, AZ
The filtration units have sophisticated instrumentation. The picture shows an Aquatrend display unit.	Backwash and raw water feed pumps at the Cholla water treatment facility.	Ultra filtration (UF) pilot module online at 7gpm.
Carbon slurry tank and feeder.	Re-circulation pump for cross flow mode.	Ultra filtration (UF) Panelmate and PLC controls.

Columbia Heights Filtration Plant,
Cut-away computer image of the Columbia Heights UF facility. When completed, it will be the largest such installation for potable water in North America and one of the largest in the world.	Computer simulation of the UF system in situ. The technology is to be supplied by Norit, with Ionics responsible for the complete membrane system.	Interior design of the Columbia Heights Filtration Plant by Black & Veatch.
A low-pressure, UF cartridge system, capable of purifying 265,000m³ daily, will be arranged horizontally within the new treatment building, as shown here.	The project requires Ionics UF technology, seen here, to be integrated into the existing plant, along with lime softening, coagulant and floc sedimentation, to replace the existing granular media.	Even before completion, the innovative implementation of membrane systems used in the plant's design has already won a Project Merit Award.

Corkscrew
The Corkscrew WTP won the Department of Environmental Protection's Award for Excellence in 1982 along with numerous safety awards over the years.	Project preliminaries included an extensive programme of surveying and geo-technical investigations.	Site preparation began in late 2003 and completion is expected for March 2005.
In addition to a new carbonisation basin, a 16.5m-diameter lime softening contact tank will also be constructed.	Lee County has seen rapid population growth since 1950, which is predicted to continue for at least ten years.	The expansion retains the same main treatment processes as the existing plant.

Crystal Project,
Inside the plant: the new plant uses three-stage dissolved air flotation (DAF).	The aerial photograph of the plant during construction shows its proximity to a largely residential area: both the design and construction were deliberately planned to minimise local disruption.	The plaque unveiled at the plant’s official opening in May 2008.
Construction work underway in August 2006.	Looking over the site in September 2006.	Inside the plant as it takes shape in January 2007.

Durrat Al Bahrain Desalination Plant
The proposed building for the Durrat Al Bahrain desalination plant and ancillary works.	The Durrat complex hopes to attract more than 45,000 residents and over 4,000 visitors daily.	Durrat Al Bahrain is a prestigious island and resort development that sits on the Bahrain coast.
Energy Central Company has been awarded a 25-year contract to design, build and operate Durrat Al Balrain's seawater reverse osmosis plant.

EL Smith Water Treatment Upgrade Project,
Artist's impression of the finished plant. The city of Edmonton lies some 11 miles downstream; the upgrading of the facility has provided a 25% increase in the available drinking water in the area.	Alberta's North Saskatchewan River Basin covers 28,000km² upstream of Edmonton and is a unique area of outstanding natural beauty.	New river intake diagram. The structure itself lies on the river bed, 3m below the surface. Given its low suction velocity, most fish have no difficulty in avoiding it; a novel mechanism gently returns small ones that slip through the screen downstream of the intake.
Location map of EPCOR facilities in the region. There are two WTPs in Edmonton – Rossdale and EL Smith.	The source of the North Saskatchewan River – from which Edmonton draws its drinking water – is the Saskatchewan Glacier in the Columbia Icefields, the only glacier in the world to drain into three oceans.	Cross section showing the transmission route. Nearly 600m of transmission tunnel was constructed 10m below the North Saskatchewan River to serve the rapidly expanding population to the south and south east; one of the access shafts is over 60m deep.
Map of the North Saskatchewan watershed.

Ellis Creek Water Recycling Facility
The $115m facility is operated and maintained by the Petaluma Department of Water Resources and Conservation.	The plant operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week, combining natural wetland treatment processes and state-of-the art technology.	A 30-acre polishing wetland, divided into four ponds, was built at the site.
Pre-treatment is carried out by passing wastewater through bar screens.	Construction of the project started in October 2005 and was completed in 2009.	About two billion gallons of wastewater is conveyed to Ellis Creek annually.

Five Forks Groundwater Treatment Facility,
The new RO facility is designed for easy future expansion. When phase II doubles the plant's capacity in 2010, no major construction work will be required.	The plant uses Reverse Osmosis (RO) membranes to desalinate brackish groundwater to potable quality.	Figure highlighting the growth in demand over recent years; current estimates indicate that James City Service Authority will require an additional 5.5-million m³/year to meet predicted needs to 2040.
Four RO modules have been installed; phase I utilises two of them and the remaining pair will be connected and brought on-line in phase II.	Five on-site wells draw brackish water from the Middle and Lower Potomac aquifers, which is subsequently pumped to the RO trains under high pressure.	Each of the RO modules can produce 3,800m³/day of potable water each, which represents around 80% of the input.

Frank C Amerson Jr Water Treatment Facility,
In 1994, Tropical Storm Alberto caused heavy damage to the existing Riverside water treatment plant at Macon, in Bibb County in southern Georgia, USA. This resulted in the construction of the new Frank Amerson plant.	A total of 78 counties were declared federal disaster areas - 55 in Georgia, ten in Alabama and 13 in Florida. Across the entire area of the three states affected by the flooding, 17 new record flood levels were recorded, some breaking the old records by over 2m.	Some of the worst flooding occurred along Georgia's Ocmulgee River and its tributaries; Macon was one of the hardest hit cities.
Water drawn from the Ocmulgee River is pumped to Javors J Lucas Lake - the Town Creek Reservoir - to feed the adjacent Amerson WTP.	A high-capacity pump withdraws raw water from the reservoir lake. The Frank C Amerson plant has a current demand for 230,000m³ daily.	The finished water is stored in a number of domed clearwells on the 1,200ha site.
The view looking from one of the clearwells towards the water production building, which also houses the plant's state-of-the-art water quality laboratory.

GMR (Great Man-made River) Water Supply Project
Map of Libya; the GMR project draws water from aquifers beneath the Sahara and conveys it along a network of huge underground pipes to the coastal belt.	Excavation work in the desert. Phase 1 of the project alone required 85 million m³ of excavation before a quarter of a million sections of concrete pipe, spanning some 1,200km could be laid.	Schematic map of the project. Designed in five phases, which eventually combine to form an integrated system, it is an estimated 25 years from completion.
Computer simulation of a Phase III control room. The project's communication and control systems make extensive use of microwave radio and extranet technology to co-ordinate operations.	The Libyan Desert, not far from Ajdabiya, on the Phase I route. Little is visible above ground to suggest the scale of the pipeline passing beneath the sand to supply Benghazi and Sirt.	Colonel Moammar Gaddafi at the formal inauguration of Phase I of the project, in August 1991. The Libyan leader has played a major role throughout the project, taking a close interest in its progress and describing it as the "eighth wonder of the world".

Greater Amman
The King Abdullah Canal. A $70 million project increased the amount of water pumped to Amman along this the canal to 90 million m³/year.	Jordan's position in the Middle East. The Kingdom is one of the most water-scarce countries in the world and its annual per capita water allowance lags significantly behind other countries in the region, especially its near neighbours Israel, Syria and Egypt.	Multi-donor collaboration has funded a number of projects throughout Jordan, including new treatment plants and major repairs to the existing facilities and infrastructure.
Sterilization ponds at As-Samra. The country's annual water demand currently exceeds 1 billion m³ and is projected to rise to over 1.3 billion m³ by 2005.	Amman has particular water supply problems. A third of the Kingdom's total inhabitants live within the Greater Amman area.	A public awareness walk at Amman's Water Use Conservation Festival. A long-term programme of such events has made a significant contribution to reducing water wastage in the city.
Diagram of land usage in Jordan. The country's total area is 92,300km², of which all but 329km² is dry land; only some 750km² is irrigated.	The route of the proposed Red Sea-Dead Sea canal. The planned 180km conduit, consisting of tunnel and canal sections, would carry1.8 billion m³/year of seawater to associated power / RO desalination projects and provide 850 million m³/year of fresh water to Jordan, Israel and Palestine.

Gulf of Suez
Map of the Gulf of Suez Water Supply Project, Egypt.

Haverstraw Water Treatment Plant
Testing samples at the lab.	The United Water New York wastewater trough.	UWNY plans to use advanced membrane technology.
Monitoring a water treatment plant.

Izmit Domestic and Industrial Water Supply Project
Yuvacik Dam.	The Paterson Candy-designed water treatment plant.

Kamloops Water Treatment Centre -
The Kamloops plant is the largest operating facility in North America to use membrane treatment, with a treatment capacity of 160,000m³/day and the installed hydraulic capacity to expand to 200,000m³/day.	One of the membrane cassettes. Each cassette comprises 64 elements, each one containing 2,646 individual membrane fibres, with a nominal pore size of 0.04 microns.	The plant under construction. Work began in March 2003 and was completed by the end of December 2004.
One of the membrane tanks during construction.	The membrane system comprises a two-stage ultra-filtration (UF) process; the primary filtration stage consisting of 12 parallel trains, with six membrane cassettes per train.	The water treatment plant nearing the end of construction.
One of the membrane tanks being aerated. Membrane cleaning takes place by a combination of tank aeration at ten-second intervals and a 30-second back-wash occurring every 15 minutes.	The plant also hosts an educational facility - the first of its kind at an operational water treatment plant in North America - providing an important venue for water quality research and training.

Kampala Water Supply and Sanitation Expansion Programme
The city of Kampala; the Gaba III plant has been designed to help meet the needs of the Greater Kampala area to 2015.	The new Gaba III plant, which increases the overall capacity by 80,000m³/day, bringing the total daily output up to 200,000m³ and meeting Greater Kampala’s needs to the year 2015.	A young girl at the clear water well at the Mercy Home for Children, Kampala. Since 2005, NWSC have made great advances in supplying the underprivileged areas of Kampala, now serving about 85% of the urban poor, who previously had to rely on untreated water from contaminated wells.
Ugandan President Yoweri Museveni formally commissioned the new Gaba III plant in April 2007. In his speech, he reaffirmed his commitment to providing safe water to the population and eradicating poverty throughout the country.	Satellite image of Lake Victoria; the raw water for the Gaba plants is drawn from Lake Victoria’s Murchison Bay. Water quality has been adversely affected by pollution and drought.	Work to refurbish the original Gaba plant took place in 2003 with EU funding.
Women line up at a new bore hole at Labuje, Uganda. The Ugandan government is committed to the provision of sustainable water resources for the future – and universal access to a safe supply by 2015.

Katrine
Reservoirs with new water treatment works in background.	The Balmore pump house underwent significant modification during the project.	The new clearwater tank – the first compartment of the service reservoir was tested in September 2005.
The new clearwater pumping station.	Bankell service reservoir with the other reservoirs in the background.	The new water treatment works and clearwater tank with reservoirs in the background.
Aerial photo taken in July 2007 as the new plant takes shape.	Installing the pressure reducing valve on the M5 main.	Work to complete the M5 valve chamber will continue during September 2007.
The new plant will provide Glasgow with a state-of-the-art supply.

Laredo Advanced Vapour - Compression Evaporation Desalination Plant
Laredo-Nuevo metropolitan area satellite image.	Laredo map	The Area has limited water from Rio Grande River.

Larnaca SWRO
Each of the plant's RO trains comprises 120 pressure vessels, arranged in 12 rows, which contain eight SWRO membranes apiece.	Construction of the desalination plant began in 1999.	The seawater pumping station under construction.
The water plant at Larnaca was protected with epoxy coated reinforcement.	Large pipes were imported to filter the water. The output capacity was upgraded to 54,000m³/day.	The desalination plant uses reverse osmosis membranes.
Built near Larnaca airport, this is the largest desalination facility in Cyprus. The plant has six treatment trains, five for seawater RO and the sixth as secondary permeate treatment.

Longmont Potable -
The new WTP is the single largest public works project undertaken by the City of Longmont to date.	South-west view of the site.	Construction work on the new water treatment plant began in August 2003.
View inside the new main building. The design of the treatment plant itself is conventional, using flocculation / sedimentation, dual medium filtration and chemical disinfection.	The plant uses two-stage rapid mixing, three-stage flocculation and high-rate lamella plate settlers for pre-treatment.	One of the new pumping station installations.
A new 114,000m³ raw water reservoir was constructed as part of the project to mix the inflow from the city's various water sources to provide consumers with a consistent taste.	View over the residual ponds; the new WTP site extends to over 120 acres.

Magtaa RO Desalination Plant
Magtaa desalination plant is being built at Oran, Algeria.	The water must be treated to remove boron and salts.	Seawater is forced through a fine-pored membrane using a pump.
A dense layer in the RO membranes' polymer matrix acts as a barrier and assists in separation.

Malawi District Water Supply Project, Phase III
Current sources of supply for the Malawi water system are from mountain streams, lakes and rivers. As a result, there are existing problems with siltation and turbidity associated with the fine sandy deposits within the water sources.	A landlocked country in southern Africa, Malawi has a long history of water borne infections. Over 20% of its total area is covered by fresh water.	The water supply project is a country-wide scheme, involving all of Malawi's regional water boards. The Central region has one centre; the Southern and Northern regions each have six.
A tributary of Malawi's Bua river. The use of natural waterways for a wide range of purposes can often contribute to poor public health.	Malawian public toilets. The project includes a drive to improve sanitation on a local basis, since the use of unprotected pit latrines is widespread.	Pyramid chart of land usage in Malawi. In a country of 94,080km² of land, only around 300km² is irrigated.
Comparison of rural and urban populations in 1964 and today. The DWS III project is part of Malawi's national water services development master plan, drawn up to meet the needs of a growing population and increasing urbanisation.

Mansoura
Map showing the location of Mansoura (Ad Daqahliyah) in Egypt.	Camp, Dresser & McKee architect Nick Safina's CAD-generated image of the new plant.	Graph showing the water supply of Egypt in comparison to the rest of Africa.
Diagram showing the water treatment plant's treatment process.

Miramar Water Treatment Plant Upgrade and Expansion Project, San Diego
Aerial view of the Miramar plant. A fast-growing population coupled with changes in regulation and the age of the facility – it first entered service in 1962 – made the current upgrade and expansion essential to meet the city's future water supply needs.	Map of the lakes and reservoirs of the San Diego area. Lake Miramar is one of nine reservoirs managed by the city's Operations Division and the WTP, one of three responsible for supplying 1.3 million local inhabitants.	Computer-generated perspective of the San Diego area viewed from the south, showing the influence of topography on growth.
The Early Start Improvements – a two-phase programme of work spanning 1998-2004 – began the project, principally comprising major improvements to the distribution system.	The Miramar project elements and schedule superimposed on the existing plant. The work will increase the plant's daily treatment capacity to 815,000m³/day and provide a state-of-the-art facility with a 75-year design lifespan.	San Diego from the waterfront. With a current population of more than 1.3 million and predicted to approach 2 million by 2030, since July 1998, the city has been implementing a major capital improvements programme to meet the future needs of its inhabitants. The Miramar project forms part of this scheme.

Perth Seawater Desalination Plant,
A Degrémont membrane array similar to those for use in the new seawater reverse osmosis (SWRO) plant which, when completed, will be the largest of its kind in the southern hemisphere.	The plant will draw feed water from the Cockburn Sound and subsequently return the concentrate stream. These waters are environmentally sensitive and strict safeguards have been put in place to protect any damage to the habitat.	Kwinana, where the new desalination plant is being built, is Western Australia's centre of heavy industry and lies some 25km to the south of Perth; the area is already home to a major new water reclamation facility.
Schematic of the RO process, which uses a spiral-wound membrane module.	Work commenced on the project in April 2005; construction of the pumping station followed in May and the pipeline construction began in September.	Although Perth sits on the Swan River, a growing population coupled with a climate becoming hotter and drier has put increasing pressure on the city’s water resources.
Aerial view of the new plant during construction. The completed facility supplies 17% of Perth’s needs and is the largest single contributor to the area’s integrated water supply scheme.	Satellite image showing the main areas of population in the Perth area. The new plant is located at Kwinana, some 25km south of the city.	Wind turbines at sunset. The Emu Down Wind Farm provides the new plant with electricity making it the largest facility of its kind anywhere in the world to be powered by renewable energy.
The arid orange/red deserts sit close beside the bright green pasturelands which surround Perth, the largest city in south western Australia. Dwindling natural supplies of water across the region make securing long term resources essential.

Port Hardy
The finished plant is the centerpiece of the recent program of improvement to local water and wastewater management.	The choice of a pre-engineered, steel framed building to house the treatment plant represented a significant saving in the overall project cost.	The high color, organic content and turbidity of the Tsulquate River source posed significant challenges.
Visitors are shown around the treatment plant; there has been extensive public consultation and awareness throughout the project.	The treated water leaving the plant compared with the raw input; the river exhibits great seasonal variability, which the new plant has been designed to overcome.

Rio Chillon
The Rio Chillon water supply project is located in Peru, close to Lima.

Row River Water Treatment Plant,
The plant treats water flowing from two locations in the Row River.	Built on advanced technology, the upgraded Row River water treatment plant meets the area's increasing demand for drinking water.	The Row River Water Treatment Plant is one of the two plants that supply drinking water to Cottage Grove city in Oregon, US.

San Juan-Chama Drinking Water Project, New Mexico
The San Juan-Chama Drinking Water Project diverts surface water from the Rio Grande to a new treatment plant, replacing the area's current dependency on deep aquifer groundwater supplies.	Computer image of the new WTP; scheduled for completion in early 2008, it will have a capacity of 350,000m³/d.	Work began on the $280 million project in August 2004, which also includes a new diversion dam and a network of associated transmission pipelines.
Looking southerly from the north cofferdam area riverbed, the photo shows a crane and diesel impact hammer positioning upstream sheet piles.	Architectural renderings of the front and north elevations of the new plant.	The treatment process at the new plant will be conventional.
A 600ft-long adjustable height bladder dam is being built across the full width of the Rio Grande River, together with around 56 miles of large diameter pipeline.	Part of the 'Refugium' the rearing and breeding facility for the Rio Grande Silvery Minnow, an indigenous endangered species.	The new facility's floor plan.

Seymour
Skid mounted RO membrane units make up the core of the two parallel treatment trains.	Computer technology is used extensively. The plant has state-of-the-art SCADA systems and the PLC controls are housed in a separate climate controlled room.	The raw water flow is pre-treated both chemically and by filtration before reaching the membranes.
The membranes are equipped with a specialized cleaning system to remove potentially damaging contaminants.	The plant's main office.	The product water is subsequently degasified, disinfected and then pumped to the distribution network.
The project also required the provision of ancillary items including bulk chemical storage and laboratory facilities.	The plant was deliberately designed with sufficient room to accommodate anticipated future expansion without the need to extend the building.	The water finally supplied to the city comprises a blend of 70% clean RO product and 30% aquifer water.

Seymour-Capilano Water Filtration Plant
Construction of the new 1.8 billion litres/day plant is on budget and on schedule for its completion in 2008. It will then be the largest filtration plant in the country.	Geothermal piping being laid at the clearwells during the summer of 2005. The facility will be heated and cooled using ground source energy – one of a number of sustainable building and environmental technologies which feature in the design.	The Capilano pumping station. Raw water from the Capilano reservoir will be pumped to the new plant along one of the pair of new tunnels being constructed as part of the project, treated water returning by gravity along the other to enter the Capilano distribution system.
Aerial view of the filter plant; it occupies a site of around 8 hectares, located in the Lower Seymour Conservation Reserve.	Artists rendition of the finished plant.	Artists rendition of the finished plant elevation in situ. The design has incorporated a range of innovative features to maximise its energy efficiency and reduce its environmental impact in accordance with the GVRD's Sustainable Region Initiative.
Aerial view of the thickener tanks under construction in the spring of 2007.	UV units in the filter pipe gallery. When completed the plant will have the largest ultraviolet disinfection facility in the world.	The filtration pipe gallery. The project was largely driven by the need to reduce turbidity
The residuals management building from the air.

Shoaiba
The finished desalination plant currently ranks as the largest in the world and uses multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation.	The Saline Water Conversion Corporation (SWCC) has several water treatment plants across Saudi Arabia.	Saudi Arabia has invested heavily in water desalination facilities, such as this one at Jubail. The Shuaiba is now one of nearly 30 desalination plants in the country.
The overall development at the Shoaiba site also includes an oil-fired power station, together with a port and a tanker terminal.	One of the 20 vertical mixed-flow brine re-circulation pumps. In all, over 100 pumps of varying designs and sizes were used in the plant.

St Michael BWRO
Despite the tropical island image, Barbados is classified as a "water scarce" country. The new 30,000m³/day desalination plant supplies water to around 17% of the population.	The growing population of Barbados made a review of water resource management essential. During the drought of 1994-95 over 3,000 households were regularly without water.	The plant uses spiral-wound, thin-film composite membrane elements, housed in cylindrical pressure vessels to desalinate brackish water. The effluent stream passes through an energy-recovery turbine before being discharged to the sea via deep well injection.
Map of Barbados. The new plant has been built at Spring Gardens, in the district of St Michael to the south west of the island.	Diagram showing the main treatment phases at the plant. The design aims to minimise energy requirements and provide high quality potable water.

St. Joseph Water Treatment Facility, MO
The 114,000m³/d St Joseph water treatment plant was built in 2000, to replace the City's original treatment facility which was ageing and susceptible to flooding.

Swakopmund Desalination Plant
Swakopmund is a small settlement surrounded by arid terrain. It cannot get its water supply from the surrounding area.	Swakopmund is in south-western Africa, close to Walvis Bay in Namibia.

Tampa Bay Seawater Desalination Plant,
The transmission pipeline and intake structures were built large enough to accommodate the planned future expansion. Super duplex stainless steel was specified throughout the plant for the pipes, valves, impellers and pump casings to cope with the high pressures required and the use of warm salt water.	Eight SWRO membranes sit in each of the 1,176 pressure vessels, which comprise the central part of the desalination system. These are divided into seven separate treatment trains.	Diffusers are fitted to the product water treatment systems, allowing chemical dosing to be used to adjust the hardness and pH further if required.
Tiny Asian green mussels, originally native to the Indian and Pacific oceans, were found to be clogging filters at the plant. It is thought that they were accidentally introduced into Tampa Bay in ballast water from a bulk cargo ship.	Satellite photograph of Tampa Bay. The desalination plant is located adjacent to the Big Bend power station on the south shore at Apollo Beach, 18 miles south of Tampa itself.	View of the desalination plant – the largest of its kind in the USA – with the Big Bend power station in the background.
Simplified schematic of the process: in practice the permeate requires further treatment before distribution, including pH adjustment lime stabilisation and chlorination.

Thames Water Desalination Plant, London
An artist's impression of the desalination plant.	The desalination plant will be built in the London Borough of Newham (no 27).	The desalination plant will take salt water from the Thames estuary and produce 140 million litres of clean water per day.

Tirupur Water and Wastewater Treatment Project
India is no stranger to large water transmission schemes - 55km of new pipeline were constructed as part of this project. (Photograph courtesy of WHO/P. Virot)	Available water supplies for many of India's poorest are often very badly contaminated. For the first time, this project enabled local residents to benefit directly from the regional industry's need for reliable water services. (Photograph courtesy of WHO/P. Virot)	The new water plant: built to a conventional design, it has a capacity of 185 million litres per day. (Photograph courtesy of M.C. Shrikant, New Tirupur Area Development Corporation)
Some 2,500 textile businesses are located within a 25 mile radius of Tirupur, making it India's largest producer of cotton knitwear and accounting for over 75% of the country's knitwear exports. (Photograph courtesy of WHO/P. Virot)	The chief minister of Tamil Nadu, Ms J. Jayalalithaa, meeting with representatives of the textile industry. The project used cross subsidies from the textile units to help make the service provision for local residents possible. (Photograph courtesy of the Tamil Nadu Government)	Drawing water in one of the slum areas. The project represents a major step forward for a country where so much of the population has limited access to safe drinking water or sanitation. (Photograph courtesy of WHO/P. Virot)

Toshka Project - Mubarak Pumping Station /
The Mubarak Pumping Station is the centrepiece of the Toshka Project. One of the largest of its kind in the world, it has a discharge capacity of 1.2 million m³/hr, drawing water from the adjacent Lake Nasser.	The Sheikh Zayed Canal forms the second key element of the project. Its tapered sides have been lined with polymer sheeting over layers of cement, sand and concrete to minimise seepage.	Egypt forms part of the world's most water-scarce region; more than 95% of the country is desert. This satellite photograph shows Lake Nasser (centre) and the Toshka Lakes (centre left).
A system of steel mini-piles installed around the base of the Mubarak Pumping Station, connected to a foundation raft, protect the structure from earthquakes. The station design contained a number of innovative and unusual features.	More than 6% of the globe's population live in North Africa and the Middle East - a region which has less than 2% of the planet's renewable fresh water.	Aerial view of the construction area with the pumping station and the 4km inlet canal connecting it to the artificial Lake Nasser.
The Mubarak Pumping Station pump-house sits like an island in a lake, completely surrounded by water.	The pump house has 24 load-controlled, adjustable speed, vertical pumps arranged in two parallel lines. 18 of these run continuously with three offline at any one time for rolling maintenance and a further three held in reserve.

Tuas Seawater Desalination Plant -
The use of desalination can no longer be automatically viewed as a costly option. The high efficiency of the Tuas SWRO facility has resulted in the world's cheapest product water.	Aerial view of the Tuas plant. Singapore's first desalination facility, it can supply 10% of the country's needs.	Bottles of NEWater for distribution at a public exhibition during the National Day Parade celebrations 2005. Singapore’s Four National Tap strategy involves rainfall, imported water, reclaimed water and desalination to meet its growing needs.
Singapore’s Prime Minister, Lee Hsien Loong, opened the plant in September 2005. The move towards making greater use of desalinated water has been driven by governmental targets to ensure affordable self-sustainability.	Singapore is less than 700km² in area, of which only around 10km² is water. Limited natural fresh water resources – and the high population density – make sourcing alternative supplies of potable water of great national importance.

Two Rocks
As part of an extensive programme of works, the Two Rocks Water Treatment Plant was upgraded with a new calgon dosing facility.

Umm Al Nar
The Umm Al Nar Power Company is the largest single producer of water in the United Arab Emirates.	The Al Taweelah plant is a combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT) facility.	One of the older desalination units at the plant. When the new extension is completed, the units which have not been integrated in the design will be removed and decommissioned.
Schematic diagram of the Multi-Stage Flash (MSF) process. It is an efficient and low maintenance system, suited to the large-scale applications of the region.	One of the MSF evaporators. Special resistant coatings and alloys were used extensively to avoid scaling and accelerated corrosion.	Six huge vertical mixed flow pumps were used to provide the seawater supply.
The acquisition of 40% interest by the International Power led consortium is part of the privatisation process of Abu Dhabi's power and water industries.	A total of 72 pumps were supplied, including 25 small flow rated units like this one.

Wanneroo Magnetic Ion Exchange Facility
Aerial photograph of the whole Wanneroo plant; the MIEX plant is visible in the bottom right hand corner.	The MIEX plant viewed from the east; the contactor tank is in the middle and the three settler tanks are to the left.	The west side of the plant, showing the regeneration vessels and the fresh resin tank. The taller central structure houses the regenerant tanks.
Schematic of the treatment process; this plant was the first large-scale MIEX facility in the world.	MIEX resin delivery pack. The resin used at the plant was manufactured at a specially commissioned pilot factory near Melbourne.

Water Plant Construction and Rehabilitation,
Although 92% of the islands' 1.3 million inhabitants have access to safe drinking water, this supply is only available to around 26% on an uninterrupted, 24/7 basis.	Trinidad (4,828km²) and Tobago (300km²) islands are located in the southernmost zone of the Caribbean Sea.	WASA aims to upgrade water and sanitation arrangements at all levels as a priority in its quest for developed world status by 2020.
WASA manages the dams in Trinidad and also maintains Hillsborough Reservoir in Tobago for drinking water sources.

Water Recovery System, International Space Station
The International Space Station – a collaborative venture involving 16 nations. The new water reclamation system will enable the crew to be doubled.	Nasa engineers Tom Phillips, Phillip West and Robert Rutherford prepare one of the two International Space Station water recovery system racks for transport.	The Space Shuttle Endeavour blasts off on 14 November 2008 to begin the STS-126 mission, with the water recovery system safely aboard.
A Nasa exhibitor demonstrates the water recovery system. The technology developed also provides clean drinking water to numerous developing countries.

Water Treatment Plant, Muntinlupa
The water treatment facility is in Muntinlupa, a city 22km south of Metro Manila in the Philippines.	Water for the Muntilupa plant is sourced from Laguna Lake.	An advanced process of microfiltration will be used to produce drinking water for households in Alabang, Bayanan, Poblacion, Putatan, Tunasan and New Alabang

Wellsville Water Works Expansion
The main element of the expansion involved the construction of two new concrete reservoirs for finished water.	Construction was done in separate phases, the first tank being built on a newly prepared site close to the existing plant.	The plant's original, open-air reservoir had a capacity of 11,350m³.
Pouring the floor of each new reservoir took around six and a half hours to complete.	Once poured, the base slab was flooded to ensure slow curing and maximum final strength.	Construction of the domed roof required extensive scaffolding supports.
The second new concrete tank was constructed at the site of the dismantled old reservoir.	Initial site restoration and landscaping work was completed within a month of the second tank being brought into use.	Arial view of the finished site, showing part of the plant itself, the two new reservoirs and completed landscaping.

Willamette Water Treatment Plant,
Intake screens awaiting positioning during the construction work. The plant takes raw water from the mid-flow of the Willamette River.	Periodic air back-flushing is used to clean the intake screens of accumulating debris.	The filter during construction. It consists of a granular activated carbon filter and a polishing sand filter, 2m and 30cm thick respectively.
The finished filter in operation.	The plant's ozone machine generates the ozone required for disinfection, which is then bubbled through the water. Residual ozone is converted back to oxygen gas and released to the atmosphere.	Liquid oxygen is used to generate the ozone; it is evaporated into gas and then converted on-site to ozone.
The sedimentation tanks; enhanced sedimentation removes particulates using a combination of conventional coagulants and the addition of very fine sand to increase floc weight.	The plant's underground storage tank, where a small amount of chlorine is added to the treated water before it enters the distribution system.	Excavation on the Caisson in November 2000.
Laying the water pipeline. The Williamette plant has a submerged water intake.

Winnipeg Water Treatment Plant
Water from Shoal Lake flows to the Winnipeg water treatment plant through a 135km-long concrete pipe and an aqueduct.	Winnipeg requires 215 million litres of water a day (MLD) for its approximately 650,000 residents. The facility can treat 400MLD.	A new water treatment plant began operation at the Deacon Reservoir site in Winnipeg City, in the Manitoba province of Canada.

Wisley Glasshouse, Surrey
The Wisley glasshouse covers 3,000m² and stands 12m high.	The storage tank was constructed from three layers of Waterloc cells.	A view inside the Wisley glasshouse.
Work underway on the reservoir tank.	The glasshouse has three main planting zones: dry temperate, moist temperate and tropical.	The finished tank prior to being covered.

Zhang Jia Gang Water Treatment Works,
To meet the increased demand from a growing population, the Zhang Jia Gang Running Water Company have undertaken a three-phase development programme ultimately intended to deliver 300 million litres/day.

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